Italy: Val Gardena Castle (Fischburg) the castle of the acting family of Fonda family

 

 

  A mysterious mountain castle, one of the best FIS ski runs, and a charming village.That is the landscape of the famous Dolomites ski resort, Val Gardena  also known as Wolkenstein Groden. Sasslong is famous for its ski slope, where the downhill contest takes place each year. It's a great ski slope, but technical, so not for the beginner. A mistake here can mean, at best, a broken knee.

This is a contentious issue. South Tyrol is a strange region, especially where tiny towns end and begin. Just as it has belonged to Italy since the Second World War, before it was a part of the Habsburg Empire, Here lived actual Austrians, people spoke better German than Italian, especially the older people. There is also a special old language known as "Ladin," which is nothing different from the ancient Latin used by ordinary people, which is commonly referred to as "Vulgar Latin." The famous Italian skier who couldn't sing the Italian Hymn after winning an Olympic medal came from this region. Funny, but it's possible here; of course, it wasn't funny for Italians, especially at the time. 

 

 

 

Engelhard Dietrich von Wolkenstein- Trostburg decided to build that castle between 1622-1641, as a summer residence for hunting and fishing. The original name of the castle, Fischburg, means "fishing castle''. refers to ponds that were created specially for the castle owner. He enjoyed fishing and entertaining guests.The ponds were stocked with trout, it was his favorite type of fish. In fact, it was the landowner's residence and is still a symbol of the region.
The architect of the building was a student of Giambologna (the famous statue of Mercury), Hans Reichle. He was a well-known German architect. Fischburg  is a Renaissance castle with elements of fortification, such as towers. As a result, the majority associates it with a medieval castle.The rise of the castle in those times is something new, people had already departed from them in the Renaissance for the benefit of the palaces. The castle and belfry of the village church are part of the coat of arms of the city. Castles rise alone above the village, creating romantic and mysterious scenery.
Below is a small chapel. The location of the chapel  itself between trees and mountains, especially during the snowy winter, is perfect for a Christmas card. On the chapel wall is a delicate fresco of the Mother of God with baby Jesus.

It was converted into an almshouse in 1863.Nowadays, it is owned by the Franchetti Barons. Afdera Franchetti was the wife of Henry Fonda and the mother of Jane Fonda.
For many years, the castle fell into ruin, and seemed to be  forgotten, but quite recently, it was renovated. It took a few years, but it gave the castle a second life.
The castle is a private residence of the family von Fischburg; it is possible to visit it only during concerts issued by the baron.

 

 

 

International site about place:( any) private residence , on val Gardena site https://www.valgardena-groeden.com/en/highlights/castles/gardena-castle/

 

Poland: th oldest city in the country described by Claudius Ptolemy- Kalisz.

ancient Calisia on Zawiercie

In 158 A.D., Claudius Ptolemy wrote about a mysterious city existing outside the Roman Empire, called ''Calisia." He places the city on the territory of Germania Magna in his book: ''Geography'' .Interestingly, he gives the coordinates of the city that are almost identical to the modern ones. However, he made mistakes in many matters, so the work is undermined, but still no one can explain why the location of Kalisz was given almost perfectly.

Biskupin is older city, but we do not know its name from any ancient Roman history; in fact,  we don't know the real ancient name of that city. The Amber Route passed through the Kalisz as well. Like in Biskupin, probably different nations of people lived there throughout the centuries,  like in Biskupin, there were: Celts, Slavs, and Vikings. Nations had shifted as a result of wars and migration.Today, ancient Calisia has the name Kalisz.

 

This is the only such old city in Poland, that exists to this day. Kalisz is located in Greater Poland, in the eastern part. That one was in Russia during the Partitions  of Poland. This means that people here are not as mentally limited as they were during the German partition, and order is not more important than God. Getting to Kalisz is difficult; that's a fact. The roads are congested, and the city is not well connected by highway to places like Poznań, Łódź, and Warsaw, but it is connected by railway to Warsaw. Polish roads are the most dangerous in Europe, so local people are not surprised. This is a small city. However, they are taking care of culture and trying to remind the rest of the world of its existence. It has its own theater, and it doesn't happen often in small Polish cities. Stefan Szolc Rogozinski of the Royal Geographical Society in London was born in Kalisz. He has his monument here. He worked mainly in Cameroon. Unfortunately, not many people in Poland had heard of him. Kalisz was also visited by Pope John Paul II. 

 

 

Few monuments from the Roman Empire have been found here, such as Roman coins from the 5th century. The first stronghold was in the Zawodzie district; later, a settlement was established in the area of present-day Kalisz's old town.Perhaps the city was a power center when a country called Poland was born.

During the reign of the first king of Poland- Bolesław the Brave city was expanded and became the capital of one of the seven provinces. A brick tower was built on Zawodzie at the end of the 12th century to ensure the gate in the circumference of wooden and ground embankments.For the time being, this is the first building of its kind in Poland. That is the oldest part of ancient Calisia. The old stronghold is located in a swampy valley of the river Prosna, surrounded by a shaft and a moat. It quickly became one of the most important political and commercial centers. It was rather a craft settlement. Most of the buildings were wooden, except a church. Many cities looked like that until the end of the medieval period.The city had been destroyed during the Feudal Fragmentation Wars.The Museum of Zawodzie is possible to visit just during the spring and summer.

 

St. Joseph sanctuary in Kalisz and ''Dorothy''

  The most famous is the church of St. Joseph. It was constructed during Feudal Fragmentation by Prince Mieszko III of Greater Poland. The most famous part of church is painting of Holy Family.

It is a period in history when the country owned by a dynasty of Piasts divided the lands at autonomous duchies, each of them had autonomy by the time of outright independence and had all been ruled by a high-ranking prince. They occasionally chose a "senior" from among themselves to represent them as an uncrowned king outside; that person had more rights and could interfere in matters of autonomy; he was sometimes killed for this. Had special privileges reserved only for "seniors."

However, the painting was funded in 1670 as a gift of thanksgiving for healing the inhabitant of the village of Szulec, this man was called Stobień.

 

St. Joseph sanctuary interior

According to the legends, the painting of the Holy Family is regarded as healing . Tomasso Dolabella, an Italian painter who worked for a court  in Poland, should paint it. The question is whether a villager in povertyreally could fund the painting created by famous artist, of course can't.Maybe founder just did not want to be known or Tomasso never touched it.The painting was supposed to heal 500 people and in 1783 the Vatican issued a verdict about miraculousness which had been done thanks it. Real or not, one amazing miracle really happened, when the gothic part of the church in which it was hanged had collapsed to the painting nothing happened.The painting is unique due the way how the Holy Family is presented.
Every year there is a living Nativity Scene, which is located near a fragment of the old fortifications of the medieval city, located today at the back of the church by local people called: ''Dorothy''. There is a museum there recently, with a rich collection of the church treasury and monuments of the first Piast dynasty.

St. Joseph sanctuary, chapel with famous painting of Holy Family,

the painting is revealed during the mass.

 
  
 On the river Prosna you can find a still operating hydropower electricity can feed 150 farms, it was created in 1822, closed afore II World War is now reconstruction at old place of building.

In this city were produced the famous polish pianos: ''Calisia,'' the instruments were not inferior to the pianos produced by companies known around the world. 

Mysterious grave of Mr. Dowydenko, soldier who not exist in any pappers

From a distance, you can see a huge Soviet cemetery with pompous statues.
According to legend, the massive gate of the cemetery was covered in marble from Hitler's main seat in Berlin.That can be the truth or not as well. Today is a mode to remove such places. it should not be like that; this is a'' retouching'' of history, and history should not be used or changed.

This is also part of the history; many of them died during this war. An undeniable fact is that without these people, the Allies would never have won the war. It is also a symbol of this war. We can not simply erase them. The age of the fallen soldiers is terrifying, many of them are not even 19 years old.

 At last as someone said that: if we want that someone respect our graves and not remove them, we shouldn't do it as well.The Geneva Conventions also require it, and documents clearly state it. On the economic side, this place has the potential to generate revenue from tourism, particularly if legends about it are well publicized. Poles have the right to despise this chapter of history, but they must also think about it clearly and objectively. It works perfectly in the United Kingdom, the Scottish Islands, England, and Wales. 

 

They sell their difficult history of coexistence well. Actually, the smallest village has a folder or an advertisement, about itself, even if someone famous just stays here for a few hours. This country shows that a difficult history can be sold exceptionally well, earned, and revived in the most forgotten places. At the same time, educate people about history. So why not think about it?In fact, the best way to learn history is when we can be in that place or see that thing. The greatest mysterious secret here is history of Colonel Ivan Dawydenko and his grave. He was supposed to die from an assassin's bullet during a triumphant passage with an outdoor tank after the fighting in the city, and his grave is in the most important place at the cemetery. But a man with that name does not exist in the Russian archives—in fact, he does not exist in any archive. Everyone has a problem with this person, he simply does not exist in documents. Who he really was?Who is buried here? Maybe he was someone important enough that his data could not be public. Maybe someone different is buried here? Maybe he had a completely different name? NKVD officer or double spy? Maybe we'll never know, or maybe we will.   The tombstone obelisk has the incorrect Russian spelling of the surname (овденко rather than the correct Daвиденко), the incorrect annual date of birth (1910 rather than 1907) and the incorrect daily date of death (January 27 rather than January 28). This small change'' o'' to ''a'', caused historians a lot of work and conjecture, and the bricklayer was simply drunk. 

Hydropower on river Prosna

What is the issue with Kalisz, and why don't foreigners visit it? The church advertises well, and every year many pilgrims come here; unfortunately, the city itself attracts a bit fewer. There are no good guides to the city and the surrounding area, even in polish language.The advertisement is poor, but Kalisz and the area have a lot to offer. Zawodzie is less well-known, even among Poles, than the museum, which many people outside of Kalisz have never heard of. The question is why the museum is open only for a few months while the Biskupin is not open only in December, January, and February. After all, it is a city that is a bit out of the way of major roads and cannot compete with airport-equipped cities such as Warsaw, Poznań. There's long distance to the airport.  
Tourism could restore life to a region that is starting to die out. People move to neighboring big cities for work. It is sad, because it is a nice and interesting city and region as well.

 

Hydropower on river Prosna

 

　

International site about the place:
St. Joseph Sanctuary: https://www.swietyjozef.kalisz.pl/Sanktuarium/21,en.html

Zawodzie (any) just polish site: https://www.muzeumwkaliszu.pl/rezerwat-archeologiczny-w-kaliszu-zawodziu.html
 








　

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Italy: Rome Ostia. Why some christians celebrate Christmas on 24.12 and other on 6.01. miracle of Attis

Attis de Ostia the mystical God who decided the date of Christmas in West



 

Cave or stable? Why some Christians celebrate Christmas on December 24 and some on January 6 and contrary to appearances, this is not about changing the calendar, although this has mixed up a lot in biblical history, and above all in the history of Jesus' life. Yeshua ben Yousef is the most mysterious of the prophets. On the historical side, we don't really know anything about him. It is worth recalling that he was a Jew by origin, although for the proper Jews of Israel's people this was not such an obvious matter. This is sad news for anti-Semites and they will probably get lost a bit.At that time, Jews are divided into many countries and states. The attachment to the region and town was as strong as it is today in Italy. At that time, Israel, Judah and Moab were the most important Jewish states. Jesus was from Judah, whose capital was Jerusalem. However, it was definitely located higher than the historic state of Israel.Judea is the land of David, a king who, contrary to biblical stories, was not a poor shepherd at all, but a total machiavellian who knowingly overthrew Saul, his father-in-law. Part of current Syria was also the state of Judah or Judea if you prefer. According to all old biblical texts, only the people of Israel have the right to change themselves among the Jewish people. Although both Judea and Israel come from one person, Israel does not recognize Judah.This is an example of the total playwright existing to this day in that part of the world, because this is not the subject of our reflection, let's leave it for another time. On the advice of Pope John Paul II and Benedict XVI, it's best to simply call Jesus -''Nazarene''. From the city of Nazareth, where he grew up and was in a sense '' registered ''.The best idea I think. This is how the biblical world operated at that time. Today it is not foreign to Italians who, for example, say about their nationality: '' milanese '' - I am Milan. This is due the historical division of the state into italian principalities, the same happened in the area of today's Palestine, Israel and Lebanon at the time of Jesus.

Yeshua ben Yousef is also a very important prophet in Islam and several minor religions of the world. However, he is not a prophet in the Judaic religion. He could not be, simply because of historical issues, this religion existed before him. We won't find him in Zoroastrianism either. A little forgotten, but still existing, first Religion of Books.This is also a mistake that is often heard. Presumably he was born from the law of the first night,(Droit du seigneur, Lord's right) that is, Yousef may not have been his biological father, but some important Roman or Jewish governor to whom the town was subject. Some even want to belive that it was Pilate, this is obviously not real, but there is a more shocking possibility.

The way of writing Icons has not changed for centuries, the reason is that each color or gesture symbolizes something

The law of the first night was preserved in Western culture until the late Middle Ages and was nothing more than a legal rape by a great lord on pretty girls from the town which were his property. He came to woman on his first wedding night. The refusal was threatened with death, great exemple is William Wallace's wife - famous thanks to the film with Mel Gibson. He has four brothers, Jacob, Jousef, Juda and Simeon. Jacob's grave was found few years ago. He was killed by Saint. Paul, because he wanted that religion continue to circumcise and not gone outside the world of the Middle East. Jacob was rightly afraid of distorting Jesus' words that would have to be adapted to a completely different culture. Tacitus mentions Jacob. The Roman Empire had always been divided into the western and eastern parts, although this was not always visible on the map. The official language of the East was Greek, while the West was Latin.There was another matter of morality, and it is true that Jesus would never have existed in the Western part. Open to philosophy, science and various views, the eastern part gave freedom of expression for their thoughts. In Jesus' day there were many people like he who preached and shared various theses and views. John the Baptist himself is, after all, one such person. So why did this man came to the history. Well, only thanks to what Pilate did. The governor, wanting to get along with caesar Tiberius, came out in front of him and crucified a man after a fairly mediocre trial.

Tiberius did not belong to the saints, although he was still the last normal caesar, he was interested in the case of Jesus

It is worth recalling that Tiberius was very interested in this case. He sent his spies to investigate case, and it is highly possible that if he had not been murder by Caligula the Christianity would have been established by the state religion under Tiberius. Pilate was called to Tiberius, who ordered to drown him in Tiber with a famous quote: '' you fool, you don't even know what you did. You know how many people like him walk around this part of the world and are called prophets. If he lived his had lived until the last days of life peacefuly would forget about him, and you gave them a martyr. Martyr for faith and for the conquest of their lands. ''. Tiberius was absolutely right. Zeal is worse than anything.We know for sure that Yeshua existed because there are documents with `` the date of death on the 13th day of Nisan, 17th year of the reign of Tiberius ''. What else do we know that there was a census in 23th year of the reign of Augustus and that such a boy was recorded there. The first chronology of Jesus' life was created by the monk Dionysius Exiguus, unfortunately he was a terrible mathematician and done big mistaken - he's wrong for a few years. Then came the calendars changing which given its new forms by adding days, calculations and conversions. Unfortunately, it can be said every time that an increasingly idiotic mathematician started to do this. As a result, we are rejuvenated from 7 to 18 years, and loss in the calendar is so great that even today these great well educated people have a problem with how much this error is exactly. As a result, Jesus is also rejuvenated by seven or eighteen years. That is why every educated priest, pastor or other expert on theology specifying the date of Jesus' life, using a calendar system that existed in its time, as according to the rule of caesars. What about the census? When we read the Bible with understanding, we will notice that there are two different dates of the census of people administered by Augustus. This may be due to a mistake by the author of the text, or most likely due to the fact that the census was extended. It didn't t go like nowadays that a man with a card came to home. According to Josephus, the census takes place in A.D. 6. durning Quirinius reing. Quirinius is the most adequate figure, since he was active in Judah,However, documents from Syria refer to the census in 9 AD, and this is after all part of Judea. The only explanation is that the census lasted for several years. Probably, every citizen had to appear at the place where he had any property and prove that he is its owner. There were no railways or cars, and the donkey was a luxury. This also explains the fact why Joseph goes to Bethlehem. He had to prove that he had property there, although later the family lived in Nazareth.

　

　

Holy Crib, St Maria Maggiore

We still have a star. Contrary to appearances, it is not an invention and it can be observed from time to time, although the astronomical phenomenon present at the time was not a star. In 1604 this strange phenomenon was described by Johannes Kepler. The astronomer observed the conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Mars combined with the supernova in the constellation Pisces. Today, there is no doubt that this phenomenon took place in ancient times, because it is confirmed by Chinese texts. However, seven years earlier than the common, wrong date of Jesus' birth. So this phenomenon could actually have happened at the time Jesus was born.

 

What's next? The figures of the Three Kings appear, today it is rather believed

that they were magicians, alchemists, and philosophers on the road sent as ambassadors. It is doubtful that they would go to Jesus himself. Perhaps they just stayed at the home of Joseph and Mary because of the bad weather. This event probably did not happen exactly on the day of birth, but a little later

However, this is the saint of so-called Theophany the first Christians celebrated as Christmas. This was Jesus' first meeting with people outside his immediate surroundings. That day, the Orthodox, Copts and all Eastern churches celebrate Christmas, and, interestingly, the Spanish and Italians also celebrate this day more and give out presents on that day. And why does the west insist on 24/12?It's a bit longer story. Were they from people around the world? Yes and no. The word 'Tarshish' appears in the text - Tartessos, a quite recently discovered mysterious country in Spain, which, after analyzing the texts, was an economic power living on gold and silver mines maintaining contacts with the Middle East, ancient Egypt and Greece of the Mycenae age.We also know the story of one of their kings Arganthonios. We do not know, however, whether it is his real name or if we say it today '' nickname '' - '' argentum '' mean in Latin silver, '' aurum '' - gold. This man is described by historians from various parts of the world and we probably have his image. We do not know who founded Tartessos, but today it is widely believed that at first it was a Phoenician colony, which by the time, like Cartagena, separated from the home country, becoming a strong independent state,maintaining diplomatic contacts with the home country popularly known as Phenicia (although there was a group of poleis, similarly to the Greeks). The cradle of the Phoenicians is today's Lebanon, so an expedition from a distant country could take place.Of course, there is also the wonderful kingdom of Sheba - today's Oman and Yemen. Over time, legends added names and skin colors to the characters.Probably the most interesting question, who could be Jesus' father if he was conceived of the right to the first night.

Santa Maria Maggiore

   

The Bible says that Herod II, in fear of losing his throne, decides to "slaughter the innocents." Herod really need to fear, in the war between Augustus and Antonius with Cleopatra he took the side by the second site. He was not liked by Rome. Augustus would happily put someone instead of him on the throne. Augustus is an outstanding politician and great actor. He never took the title: caesar, king, ruler, although he really was. Thanks to this, Rome believed that it was still a republic, although the power was in the hands of one person.He also grate known that this area doesn't  need much for war. Herod's family is pathological in every respect, but casting a new dynasty on the throne could cause even more riot. So Augustus uses the old principle: 'Don't bother if it doesn't itch you'. Herod begins the slaughter of babies with his own children. Archealos experiences a miracle.

what's interesting, he want also kill Jesus . If the courtiers cared so much about the death of an unknown child, the answer is one. Herod used right of the first night. Although this is speculation for now. Equally, writers may have wanted to give a higher priority to Jesus' birth by referring to the story of the murder of Herod's own children. Historically, no other slaughter of children was noted there. What happened at this court wasn't something outrageous.In the 4th and 5th centuries, Christian doctrine and theology began to be created. The part of the text that less corresponds to the modern political system has been removed from the canon of the Bible, the so-called today Apocrypha. It is worth reading them to have a full picture of the Christian religion.Interestingly, had been added, the texts of people who had nothing to do with Jesus at all, because they lived many years after him: Mark, Paul, and Lucas. Significantly, they were friends. Lucas and Matthew describe Christmas most accurately.Matthew is not so popular in the liturgy of latin church like Lucas ( more in protestant church). Both texts are quite different from each other. Now we come to Christmas day. Cave or Shed? Well,is need to agree with pope Benedict XVI that probably both. Why? If any of the readers were in Kapadokya immediately understands what is going on.The same thing happened in Israel. Yousef is a shepherd and a carpenter,certainly has even a small herd of sheep and goats, just like everyone at that time, even for their own needs.

Gentile da Fabriano is the first painter who began to sign his works. He was the first who depict a dog.



Because he has two properties, he is not a poor man at the time.The rock caves at that time were used for stable rooms, and the shepherds hid in them together with animals while grazing at night. There were also rock dwellings, as in Kapadokya.Jesus could have been born in a cave during the journey between Bethlehem and Nazareth. We'd remember that in those times in houses animals live with people. The shed could have been a cave and the cave could have been a shed. It might as well be the crib itself, and later the cave, which will appear when there during meeting with magicians, as some Italian theologians believe. Perhaps it was indeed that Jesus was born in a shed.When the family traveled they could not actually find a room and they stayed with their pets. It could also be that Mary was actually giving birth at their home, labor pains came unexpectedly and was no sense to moved woman who giving birth, . We can discuss this topic indefinitely and wonder where to put whom.Why was the cave closed down in the Latin tradition? It is also worth looking at the book of Pope Benedict XVI about Christmas. The Roman Empire by the time of Jesus is actually actually monotheistic. There are different cults that worship only one god. The most popular is Sol Invictus. There is no more typical polytheism. Although there are many deities, each person chooses one religion that worships a given god.In the second century in the Roman Empire, the cult of Tammuz-Adonis, who was worshiped in caves, was also very popular. The cave is also a cult of Hephaestus and we will find a few deities associated with caves. When Christianity became a state religion, the pagan elements had to disappear. The grotto has become uncomfortable, and the motif depicting the birth of Jesus from the celebration of Christmas will disappear altogether and will not appear until the Middle Ages in the form of a crib. That's why the question is the cave or the crib? Is a question like an egg or a chicken? It should also be ruled out that the three kings came immediately after the birth of Jesus. Yes, shepherds could be there, but the kings arrived to Jesus much later, when he was a little bigger child.

 

Augustus first emperor

　

　

 

 

What animals can be there?

Cows are a more European invention in that part of the world that would be difficult , although evangelists wanting to connect by this text to Isaiah, he mentions about bull.There was certainly a dog. Why is there no dog in the modern crib? It's pure ideology. The dog was associated with the rendering of Anubis and Seth. In the new religion he had to disappear. Joseph, as a shepherd without a dog, would not survive, even if he was just a carpenter and had several animals for his own needs.

Any shepherd could work without a dog . There may have been sheep, although more possible are goats. That animal still is more more popular in this climate. Sheep are again a reference to old texts. The most valuable animal donkey was certainly present. When the caravan arrived, camels appeared

Living cribs these days are a bad idea. it shouldn't be in places where there is no guard beating by hands.Unfortunately, human is too dangerous to leave animals unattended to the delight of the people.The saddest example is a donkey who was brutally beaten despite being monitored. Interestingly, in the western church, the nativity scene has been present traditionally since St. Francis, but was recognized as a form of worship by pope Benedict XVI afore was just tradition. Saint Francis is popularly considered the creator of the first crib. John Paul II introduced the traditions of the crib in Saint Peter's Square.In the Byzantine churches, an icon depicting Christmas is displayed on the middle of church at the occasion of Christmas.

　

　

Artemis of Ephesus as Kybele

 

 

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And finally, the most important information about the date 24/12 came from. There are a few not very nice answers. There were cults of some gods so rooted in the culture of western Rome that they could not be removed from life. We are talking about the worship of god Attis. Attis is a god who came from the East, and his worship quickly took root in Rome. The temple of the god was in Ostia. The port of the city of Rome, today this ancient part of the city is quite remote from the sea, but the modern one is by the sea. In the ancient city of Rome, the best preserved statues and most beautiful in art are statues of Attis.What shock us in this statue? He looks like a man but he's no genitals. Because they are gone, he mutilated it by himself. The story of Attis is closely related to the story of Adonis, they are similar. Attis falls in love with the goddess Kybele. She doesn't want him. Attis in desperate his genitals madly, bleeds and dies. In another version, Kybele falls in love with Attis, but she wants him to remain clean because she wants to be his first lover.this is due to human nature, the first love relationship blindly attaches to another person, because there is no comparison. Therefore, until the sixteenth century, it was something normal to done it with a person with who we are not associated , and then human use his head in the relationship)   

Salus Populi Romani

　

The boy promises her this, but when he sees the nymph Sangaris, he falls in love and wants to marry her. Then Kybele send at him madness, and a man who does not know what to choose cuts off his genitals. Kybele will make Attis a god and will be in relationship with him.Thanks to Kybele, he becomes a deity of vegetation and fertility. However, he must die and be born again every year. This is the most popular version of the myth. The Romans are people who love blood. No wonder that the cult of Attis is accepted. His priests cut off their genitals, and once a year on December 24, a feast was held in Rome in honor of Attis.Disguised as fauns, priests known as Corybant set off into the city whipping and pricking passers-by spear, encouraging them to debauchery. There were one big orgies. That day virtually everything was allowed. It is also an astronomical solstice, the beginning of fertility. Saturnalia are also held on this day in Rome, and because of that Kybele was associated with Rhea wife of Saturn. The day begins to lengthen from 25/12. Rome is bloody and debauchery. It loves blood, great shown it monuments left by this culture. The cult of Attis and Kybele with its cruel ceremonies found the perfect ground.Corrida is nothing more than a remnant of the Attis cult. The Spaniards are the ideal heirs of Rome in every respect. They are like ancient Rome.It was after the stabbing in the arena dedicated to Attis the bull and washed in animal blood, sins dissapear. Saint Basilica Peter stands at the place of the temple of Cybele,although it was not the first residence of the popes. It is also proof of how strong the cult was. There was no other choice. All attempts to celebrate saint only on 6.01 in the West did not succeed. If Christmas ''wanted'' to take place in the West, it would have to sneak into the place of the most popular holiday. So slowly Christmas took the place of pagan saint, and at the same time to keep the tradition had to be divided into two days. In Western Europe, the monument most related to Christmas is Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The basilica is one of four papal basilicas, most associated with Christmas. It is here that the Pope celebrates Mass on Christmas Day. There is the famous icon of Our Lady of the Snows - Salus Populi Romani and relics of the crib.Of course, about the relics is possible to say a lot, but the wood really comes from those times and the region.

Kapadokya- house in rock

International site about Ostia antica( italian) https://www.ostiaantica.beniculturali.it/